osi reference model การใช้

As such it is based on protocol levels at or above layer 3 of the OSI reference model.
In addition, most modern switches have integrated network managing capabilities and may operate on numerous layers of the OSI reference model.
The standard is usually referred to as the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model, the OSI Reference Model, or simply the OSI model.
In the mid-1980s, several sets of communication protocols emerged to fill the gaps between the data-link layer and the application layer of the OSI reference model.
Although MPI belongs in layers 5 and higher of the OSI Reference Model, implementations may cover most layers, with sockets and Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) used in the transport layer.